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Finally, Mamiellophyceae, including Ostreococcus, Bathycoccus and Micromonas, were only detected in upwelling coastal waters.
This decline is due to shifts in wind and rainfall patterns, resulting in changes in upwelling patterns, a well-known effect of climate change [56].
A delay in upwelling might improve the survival of late-entry smolts, ultimately selecting for later ocean entry.
The temperature and salinity of its waters vary with seasonal variations in upwelling, insolation, and flow.
Moreover, even in upwelling areas, algae living in the high intertidal may be nutrient-limited.
Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide threaten to amplify the severity of ocean acidification in upwelling zones.
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(In oceanography, upwelling means the rise of cooler waters from the depths to the surface; the warmer waters of El Niño can suppress this).
Upwelling in the open sea has entirely different causes.
Upwelling in coastal waters brings nutrients toward the surface.
The most productive waters of the world are in regions of upwelling.
Upwelling in these regions cools the surface water and brings nutrient-rich subsurface water into the sunlit layer of the ocean, resulting in a biologically productive region.
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