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We observe, for example, that Austria and Czech Republic are characterised by a high proportion of vocational studies in upper education and they also have a high rate of vocational programs that combine school and work.
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In Upper Austria, 35% of all students in upper secondary education are in dual apprenticeships, whereas the corresponding proportion in Burgenland is only about 15%.
This study contributes to the development of empirically based, domain-specific teaching standards in upper secondary education.
The fact that in some countries vocational education accounts for the large majority of students in upper secondary education is prima facie evidence that this type of curriculum is not clearly dominated by more academic education.
For the Spanish case, López-Mayan (2010) analyses the choice between academic and vocational tracks, and she finds that there is a strong association between decreasing the dropout rate in upper secondary education and the increase of annual wage of medium vocational education qualifications.
We calculated this "ISCED-level equivalent" by regressing numeracy skills of PIAAC respondents aged 16 18 years in the 32 sample countries on an indicator that takes the value 1 if the respondent is currently in upper secondary education (ISCED 3A-B, C long); 0 if the respondent is currently in lower secondary education (ISCED 2, 3C short).
The variable "provision of dual vocational education" is defined as the ratio of students in the dual system to students in upper secondary education.
Americans spend 6.4% of GDP on education (3rd highest amongst OECD countries), but has one of the lowest participation rates in upper secondary education (19/28 of OECD countries).
However, as shown in Keskiner's paper, the French education system also asks for parental involvement – mostly evident in the orientation process before choices for certain tracks in upper secondary education are made by the school board.
"In upper secondary education it's what we see in high-performing countries like Japan, Singapore, and Korea.
Several studies have examined learners' economic competencies in the vocational track in upper secondary education in German-speaking countries.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com