Here <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006610.e017.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> refers to the z-scores (the deviation from the mean value in units of standard deviation) for phenotypic (j runs across all phenotypes) or genotypic (j runs across all SNPs) profiles, respectively.
A T-score is defined as the difference, reported in units of standard deviation (SD), between the individual's measured BMD and that of a healthy young adult.
We defined the effect size as the difference between treatments in units of standard deviation, θR = (μ2-μ1)/σ where μ1 and μ2 are the means for the standard and experimental groups, respectively, and σ is the common standard deviation (σ1 = σ2 = σ).
For each outcome measure in each study, the standardized mean difference (SMD; equal to the difference in the mean outcome between the groups divided by the standard deviation of the outcomes among the participants, which was reported in units of standard deviation) was calculated, which allows data measured on different scales to be merged.
For the purpose of simplicity and universality, it is recommended that rates of change are measured in units of mean deviation or mean defect (MD), the average pointwise difference between a given test result and the normal age matched reference value.
This amounted to an effective normalization or scaling of the value prediction error response in terms of standard deviation, indicating how much the obtained reward value differs from the expected value in units of standard deviation.
The statistical score represents the deviation of the average of the log ratios from the expected value of zero, in units of standard deviation.
This led to a score for each codon pair and sub-pattern that described the divergence of the observed/expected ratio from the mean in units of standard deviation.
Normally, the variation between random variables is estimated by the distance variation of each random variable from their mean in units of standard deviation.
By taking the logarithm of (1) and calculating the standardized β-coefficients for each term, we can evaluate how strongly each performance variable influences (W t)) in units of standard deviation.
We reported MPD and MNTD in millions of years and NRI and NTI in units of standard deviation.
