In one separatist province, Aceh, the right to apply Islamic law locally is likely to be a demand in any autonomy proposals.
During the war Russia backed separatists in two breakaway regions of Georgia - South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
Most notably, she apologized for human rights abuses committed by the military in combating two separatist rebellions and called on the armed forces to reform itself.
Armed conflicts in Georgia's two separatist regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, caused massive internal migration.
With the collapse of the Communist bloc, in 1991, Georgia regained its autonomy but was immediately mired in a civil war and two separatist wars — in Abkhazia, on the coast of the Black Sea, and in South Ossetia.
Russia has built military bases in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two separatist enclaves that make up a large portion of Georgia's territory, and Moscow has recognized them as sovereign nations.
Dagestan has been caught up in an Islamist insurgency across the mainly Muslim North Caucasus after two separatist wars in Chechnya.
The Russian military, working with the governments and the small military forces of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, two separatist regions in Georgia, has stationed forces in two large swaths of territory that were under Georgian control before the war.
Critics say that in return for keeping relative calm in Chechnya, the site of two separatist wars with Moscow since the mid-1990s, the Kremlin allows Mr. Kadyrov to run it like a personal fiefdom and lets him impose his vision of Islam, which includes periodic bans on alcohol and making women cover their heads in state buildings.
He has also failed to follow the Kremlin's lead in recognizing the independence of two separatist Georgian enclaves, Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
