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Those differences were driven by the lower predicted expenditures observed among participants in the speed of processing treatment group.
Statistical adjustment for age, race, education, MMSE scores, ADL and IADL performance scores, EPT scores, chronic condition counts, and the SF-36 PCS and MCS scores at baseline did not alter the one-year ($244; p =.012) or five-year ($143; p =.250) expenditure declines in the speed of processing treatment group.
At one and five years post-training, annual predicted expenditures declinedby $223 (p =.024) and $128 (p =.309), respectively, in the speed of processing treatment group, but there were no statistically significant changes in the memory or reasoning treatment groups compared to the no-contact control group at either period.
In our analytic sample overall, there was an average improvement (reduction) in processing time on the Useful Field of Vision (UFOV) test [ 15- 17] of 156 milliseconds (ms; standard deviation = 211 ms), with the improvements in the memory, reasoning, and no-contact control groups ranging from 98 to 101 ms, vs. an average improvement in the speed of processing group of 321 ms (p <.0001).
In contrast, the only available behavioural results revealed no advantage in the speed of processing when comparing visual stimuli of animals and means of transport [15], or auditory stimuli of living and man-made objects [13].
AMF and PVM displayed decreases in the speed of processing, visuospatial functioning, and short-term visual and logical memory deficits.
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Directly comparing the efficacy of Road Tour obtained in these IHAMS interim analyses to the speed of processing training results obtained from a meta-analysis consisting of ACTIVE and five other visual speed of processing training RCTs with a total enrolment of 907 subjects followed for varying time lengths 13 is problematic for at least four reasons.
As shown in Table 3, from the third annual follow-up to the fifth annual follow-up, although the decline in annual predicted medical expenditures for the speed of processing group continued, it was notably smaller and no longer statistically significant ($128.01; p =.309).
Cognitive decline or dementia was not only less among those in the speed-of-processing group; when it appeared, it came later.
Over the study's 10-year follow-up, 14% of participants in the control group suffered significant cognitive decline or dementia, compared with 11.4% in the memory-strategies training group, 11.7% in the reasoning-strategies training group and 10.5% in the speed-of-processing group.
Furthermore, while each intervention continued to show improvements in their targeted cognitive abilities relative to baseline at both two- and five-year follow-ups the greatest relative improvements in targeted abilities were clearly associated with the speed of processing group [ 16, 17].
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