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To minimize bias in the selection of controls, field workers will revisit selected households ≤3 times if eligible children are not at home on the first visit.
GIS also have potential uses in the selection of controls for an epidemiologic study, as they are usually randomly selected from the same geographic area as the cases.
Considering sources of bias, particularly in the selection of controls or in gathering information, is important.
One possible explanation for the variable results of previous studies is provided by the differences in the selection of controls.
Selection bias may be acting in the selection of cases (which represent primarily patients with prevalent, chronic disease and not incident cases), or in the selection of controls.
Such a study would require that incidence density sampling had been used in the selection of controls, and Dalton et al (2006) did not follow this procedure.
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Specifically, the 4 areas addressed in this review includes: (1) phenotypic criteria, (2) study design, (3) considerations in the selection of control populations, and (4) candidate gene selection.
Values are computed to aid in the selection of control points for building interpolatory cubic spirals, and a table is developed which helps in adjusting the endpoint curvatures.
When using a cross-sectional design, there is potential for selection bias, particularly in the selection of control groups.
Moreover, there was a lack of standardization of outcome measures, no clear statement of primary outcome measure, and much variation in the selection of control treatment, in the duration of treatments, in the duration of observation and in the method of acupuncture or moxibustion treatment.
Control subjects were randomly selected from a population of screening participants, among whom the cases arose, and abdominal CT measurement was done before the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia, precluding the possibility of bias in the selection of control subjects and assessment of exposure, both of which are major concerns in case-control studies.
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