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In this way, any potential influence from the maternal environment should be excluded, since controls and experimental embryos were raised in the same dam.
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In crosses with the same dam the sex ratio was very different between those sired by an M. edulis male (cross type PD) and those sired by an M. trossulus or M. hybrid male (cross type HD).
In a previous litter from the same dam and sire, two of the puppies had died at a young age, strongly supporting a hereditary disease [ 9].
However, the possible confounding is not expected to be important here because of the structure of the data and the model: a model that takes into consideration dam effect would not take this effect into account well since most cows do not share the same dam in the dataset.
In a second set of experiments, the same dams (sensitized or not) were re-mated and at 8 weeks of age, the pups were themselves sensitized and subsequently challenged.
Further, in the same vein as DAM, and in line with previous research [4, 5], we consider the speech quality space to be multidimensional.
This VCM requires two fewer actuators than driving the top plate in the same direction by two DAMs.
Calves were born in the same herd as their dams, and cows did not move between herds.
Body weight and blood glucose measurements were collected from offspring either once every four days or once a week, depending on the study, in the same manner as for dams.
Control dams were housed in the metabolic cages in the same room as the experimental dams.
"Building controls" to control for environmental contamination comprised ten VRQ/VRQ Cheviot lambs that were born from ewes from the same NZ-derived flock (TSE-free status confirmed by post-mortem test as detailed above) and housed with their dams in the same building at around the same time as the recipient lambs but in separate pens.
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