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For SiO x N y -Sinc-based devines biased in the reverse mode, the Poole-Frenkel (PF) model is the most convenient.
Although DL-TBOA has been well characterized as an inhibitor of normal glutamate transporter function [55], we wanted to verify DL-TBOA's effectiveness in blocking glutamate transporters working in the reverse mode.
However, this transporter can also function in the reverse mode to allow Ca2+ entry when intracellular Na+ concentration increases.
Interestingly, in the heart of diabetic rats, the overall activity of the TCA cycle is reduced due to ACO2 activation in the reverse mode (isocitrate→citrate) [ 28].
When operating in the reverse mode, the NCX can deliver Ca2+ to the cytosol (Kirischuk et al., 1997; Rojas et al., 2008).
Rather, NCX in the reverse mode was a major contributor to Ca2+ and Na+ homoeostasis in mechanically stimulated astrocytes, although it operated also in resting cells.
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In some experiments, the reverse mode of Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) was blocked by 5 μmol/L KB-R7943 [ 31].
Such shift in ENCX would be less favourable for the reverse mode of NCX operation in astrocytes.
Contrast medium exposure activates the reverse mode of NCX1 expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells; NCX reversely extrudes Na+ for Ca2+ influx and results in increased intracellular Ca2+.
Thus, the vast majority or astrocytes at rest should display the reverse mode of NCX operation in our experimental conditions.
Contrast media exposure activates VDC and the reverse mode of NCX expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell and induces Ca2+ influx.
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