These data support the notion that cellular dissolution is an active process in which cytoskeletal proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis-mediated cell fragmentation.
The treatment of HT-29 cells with 20 μg/mL of fucoidan resulted in the induction of chromatin condensation and fragmentation, which could be visualized as an intense pycnotic bluish-white fluorescence within the cell nuclei.
The induction of DNA fragmentation and nucleus condensation in A549 cells by SeC and AF were examined by TUNEL-DAPI co-staining assay as previously described.
Moreover, we showed that the induction of mitochondrial fragmentation reduces insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation by reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake [ 35].
As fragmentation of matrix components occurs during IVD degeneration, we assessed the potential involvement of hyaluronic acid fragments (fHAs) in the induction of inflammatory and catabolic mediators.
Together with growth arrest, vitamin D has a role in the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, since cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation are observed in MCF-7 cells treated with this hormone [ 40].
Resveratrol induced apoptosis in 32Dp210 cells as supported by the induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the cleavage of procaspase-3 in resveratrol treated cells [16].
In addition, the induction of apoptosis was confirmed morphologically by monitoring nuclear fragmentation after Hoechst staining and molecularly, at higher doses, by evaluating inter-nucleosomal cleavage and subsequent DNA laddering.
In bacteria, this is thought to involve chromosome fragmentation, the induction of the SOS response, and the production of reactive oxygen species (Drlica et al. 2009; Kohanski et al. 2010; Kohanski et al. 2007).
In thymidylate synthase-negative mutants of mouse FM3A cells, thymidine starvation results in thymineless death via the induction of DNA double-strand breaks that lead to chromosome fragmentation as well as rearrangements in the cells synthesizing DNA [ 15].
