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Presumably this return is to be found in the "externalities" some economists and educators claim results from spending on education.
Factor in the externalities of pollution and costs to human heath, and the so-called cheap fuel source skyrockets.
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Our experiments replicate the earlier finding of overbidding in the second-price auction, but we find that average bids equal value in the externality-robust auction.
The application of hedonic pricing models has a long history in estimating the externalities associated with urban infrastructure, such as public transportation.
However, externalities will be detected by large cluster-RCTs and there are now nine trials such as this included in this review, and the externalities previously reported in Miguel 2004 (Cluster) were not found in the replication analysis after various coding and classification errors had been corrected (Aiken 2015).
If you factor in all of the externalities that using gasoline creates, you're talking somewhere between a dollar and two dollars per gallon of costs that aren't being paid.
In both regions the externalities of wind power generation until 2020 based on today's state of technology were measured.
Moreover, although the contractual system is easier to set up strong incentive, it is inferior to the centralization system in solving the externality.
However, when elasticity is used, the effectiveness of spatial aggregation in reducing the externality is almost identical whether detection occurs at field level or at silos level.
Our results show also that the area planted with GM is the most important 'policy variable' in affecting the externality to conventional growers and that buffer areas on conventional fields are more effective than those on GM fields.
Rather than determining the (reduction in the) value of the externalities generated by individual links, we use the decay to model the accuracy losses associated to the network incompleteness in a public goods environment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com