In 1997, the IARC classified TCDD as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, sufficient evidence in animals, and strong evidence in humans and animals for a common mechanism of action via initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (IARC 1997).
In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARCclassifiedied TCDD as a Group I carcinogen on the basis of limited evidence in humans, sufficient evidence in animals and the consideration that the Ah receptor, through which dioxin acts, is present in both humans and animals [ 1].
Gasoline was classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by IARC in 1989 and again in 2012, based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals [ 3].
The current efforts aiming at developing novel functional assays should be helpful in obtaining sufficient evidence to support a pathogenic role and thus clinical implication of individual mutations in the near future.
The document identified some instances in which sufficient evidence for endocrine-mediated effects warranted concerns, but for many hypotheses it found insufficient data to reach any definitive conclusions.
Even if there are particular cases in which it is imprudent to follow one's evidence, the general rule that one should believe on the basis of, and in proportion to, sufficient evidence in one's possession produces the best distribution of prudential outcomes overall.
In addition to sufficient evidence in animal studies for nasal carcinogenicity of FA, the IARC concluded that there is sufficient epidemiological evidence that FA causes nasopharyngeal cancer in humans.
Tungsten carbide Co (WC-Co) hard metal is now classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans, based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals (IARC 2006).
Lead is also a suspected carcinogen, with inorganic lead compounds currently designated by the IARC as probably carcinogenic (Group 2A) based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals (IARC 2006).
