The PhD will be problem-driven, requiring every student to gain in-depth expertise in a wide range of analytical tools; deep understanding of a coherent program in social science; and substantial knowledge in one application domain area.
In recent years, substantial knowledge accumulated on the genetic consequences of the climatic oscillations in the Quaternary for European and North American species [e.g. [ 1- 4]].
Radio-isotope-labelling studies conducted in previous decades provided substantial knowledge regarding the nature of surfactant dynamics in animal models of lung injury, but these techniques are not applicable to the study of humans.
While there is a broad field of research that analyzes pharmacological treatments in the middle aged population, there is a substantial knowledge gap in the study of pharmacotherapy in elderly patients [ 3].
Human toxicology data were found to be limited to in vitro analyses, indicating substantial knowledge gaps.
As a result, most knowledge-based systems remain small to medium in size and require substantial knowledge engineering expertise to develop.
In particular, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the combined effects of existing stressors (e.g. pollution) and predicted environmental stress from climate change (e.g. ocean warming).
Every interviewee was required to have some fundamental experience in supervising apprentices and substantial knowledge of all the operations of the branch.
For the same reason, research assessment exercises may use science indicators as tools, but ultimately they have to rely on the judgment of peers who have substantial knowledge in the field.
