However, one criticism of this behavioural paradigm is that harmful actions did not result in specific outcomes such as saving more lives9.
Still, whilst such exercise programmes have demonstrated short-term improvements in patient health [ 27], there is no compelling evidence for sustained participation in PA post programmes and associated long-term improvements in specific outcomes.
Change is defined as within-individual change in a specific outcome in the intervention area minus the within-individual change in the outcome in the comparison areas.
Interestingly, regional differences in using specific outcome measures in MS across Europe were reported in a study of Haigh et al. [ 27].
Even without a vested interest in a specific outcome, the pressure to produce an interesting finding can seriously bias research outcomes.
Self-reported emotions were the most common outcomes in the studies we identified, with physiological outcomes less common and more variable in the specific outcome type.
Sensory regions of brain determine whether expected sensory events occurred as predicted, and motor cortex and cerebellum signal whether a specific behavioral act resulted in a specific outcome.
Cellular signal transduction is a highly dynamic process, in which the specific outcome is a result of the exact spatial and temporal resolution of single sub-events.
In analyzing a specific outcome variable, the baseline score of that variable is used as covariate.
In analyzing a specific outcome variable, the baseline score of that variable will be used as covariate.
