Thus, if such studies had been published and be part of the meta-analysis, they would have resulted in smaller effect sizes than those reported here.
Cohen's d and the standardised response mean are influenced by the variability of the denominator (baseline scores for Cohen's d and change scores for standardised response mean), so higher variability in the denominator will result in smaller effect sizes.
Patients experiencing an AE do not necessarily present with an RA flare at the time of treatment switch and therefore start the new treatment with lower baseline levels of disease activity, which results in smaller effect sizes.
A previous study reported that using municipal-level exposures obtained from air pollution monitoring stations as a proxy for personal exposure results in smaller effect estimates than estimates based on individual-level exposure (Navidi and Lurmann 1995).
Smiley does a very good job of marshalling the effects of history in small effects on people's lives – Frank doesn't see a black person until he is in his late teens, in the 1930s.
It is likely that the genetic basis of susceptibility to malaria is built upon many different protective genes, each individually resulting in small effects [21].
Also, it should be noted that the large sample size of this study may result in small effects reaching statistical significance.
As dietary intervention generally results in small effects on a big number of genes compared to pharmaceutical intervention which targets a specific biomarker, microarrays can therefore detect a combined effect of several genes belonging to a similar biological pathway [ 12].
This concern is compounded by the fact that developmental neurotoxicity that results in small effects can have a profound societal impact when amortized across the entire population and across the life span of humans.
