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If we additionally apply an inhibitor (that is, y = 1 ), then the ordered sequence G S ′ may be rearranged due to (possibly multiple) interactions between the inhibitor and the functional nodes which are involved in signalling of the stimulation towards the phosphorylated protein (Figure 3a).
To investigate whether STAT3 is involved in signalling of TRK oncogenes, we analyzed Stat3 phosphorylation status by Western blot analysis with anti-phosphoSTAT3 S727 and Y705 antibodies in PC12 cells transiently transfected with TRK oncogenes (Figure 1A).
In addition, each adaptive response in signalling of a prey species may produce a cascade of consequences for the cooperative communication system, including changes in the costs of signal production, in the active range of a signal, the accuracy of signal detection or discrimination by receivers etc.
This was not accompanied, as might have been expected, by increased concentrations of the intracellular adaptor protein TRAF6, known to be involved in signalling of RANKL- and TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation.
We have excluded only the most common syndrome – X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 caused by a defect in an adapter protein SAP, involved in signalling of cell-cell interactions.
For biomarker analyses (primarily muscle biopsy) the sample size calculation is based on prior trials detecting changes in muscle protein synthesis and associated signalling following exercise, nutritional and pharmacological interventions (increase in signalling >20% with SD in signalling of 2%).
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A more specific unresolved question is the involvement of outside-in signalling of neutrophil integrins during migration.
To confirm the outside-in signaling of CCN2 in inducing anoikis, cells were incubated with a CCN2-neutralizing antibody after 48 h of cultivation in suspension.
Cyclic dinucleotides are important secondary messenger molecules involved in signaling of bacteria.
DEGs involved in signaling of auxin, brassinosteriod, ABA, ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid were revealed (Figure 5 and Additional file 4: Table S4).
The relative increase in signaling of VEGFR1 over VEGFR2 may provide an additional advantage by defending retinal vessels from vaso-obliteration [33].
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