Heterogeneity in the studies is also reflected in the settings, study participants, assessment tools, follow up periods and outcomes measured, and hence a meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate.
In HIC settings, study participants were willing to pay between ≤US$20 and ≥US$50 [ 16, 37, 39, 42, 44– 44].
In pediatric settings, study designs are mostly quasi-experimental and neither high-quality studies nor robust analyses clearly document the effect of such interventions.
Prior to developing health education interventions in similar settings, studies to assess areas to be targeted should be conducted.
In some settings, studies have multiple phenotypes, as well as multiple groups (such as multiple race-ethnicities).
We excluded studies of urinary tract treatments, reviews, diagnostic studies performed in pediatric settings, studies including men, editorials, and articles addressing issues other than UTI.
In high-income settings, studies have often focused on musculoskeletal and psychological (stress or burnout) disorders [ 16, 27, 43, 76].
This model includes as special cases the existing settings studied in the literature.
Interestingly, the decreasing trend was not the same across the cooler settings studied in the paper.
Thus, NWB has the potential to replace the AMTI in field settings in studies including children.
