He had become Marshall's chief deputy by 1948, and soon became active in school segregation cases, notably Sweatt v. Painter, in which the Supreme Court ruled in 1950 that the University of Texas Law School had acted illegally in denying admission to a black applicant.
Richard Kluger wrote in "Simple Justice," a history of the 1954 decision striking down segregation, that Professor Frank, then at Yale Law School, was "perhaps more familiar with the constitutional and legislative history involved in the segregation cases than any of the N.A.A.C.P.'s other advisers".
He used parts of the thesis in preparing for the school segregation cases in the 1950s.
"Call off the dogs, Mr. President," his news release said, an especially unfortunate choice of words to use in a segregation case.
Tucson Superintendent H.T. Sanchez accused Huppenthal of repeatedly trying to meddle in his district's plans to create culturally relevant courses, as mandated by court order in the segregation case.
In the memo, which is titled "A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases," Rehnquist advised Jackson about the matter of racial segregation.
The federal government deals directly with the county's larger cities, among them Yonkers, which nearly went bankrupt before capitulating in a housing segregation case that began in 1980 and dragged on for years.
BARBARA J. DAVIS, a Topeka, Kan., school official and cousin of Linda Brown, plaintiff in the 1954 school segregation case.
Fred Gray Sr., the lawyer who defended Rosa Parks in her landmark bus segregation case and represented victims of the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment, has become the first black president of the Alabama Bar Association.
That was in connection with the five school-segregation cases on which the court based its momentous ruling.
