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Similar gaps have been noted across the country, and researchers have provided a variety of explanations: differences in school resources, parent education and background, family income and teacher attitudes and expectations that explain some but not all the differences.
Similar gaps have been noted across the country, and researchers have provided a variety of explanations, from disparities in school resources, parents' education and background, family income and teacher attitudes and expectations, to explain some but not all of the differences.
The two total cross-elasticities (15) are different from zero if anincrease in school resources in one subject induces students to change effort in theother subject.
When also controlling for differences in school resources and other institutional factors, the link between computer access at home and student performance turned strongly negative.
Coleman et al. (1966) revealed that, relative to students' individual background characteristics, measured differences in school resources (e.g. per pupil spending) matter little in determining educational outcomes of pupils in the US.
In a model with two courses of studywe have shown that an increase in school resources in one course may reduce effortin that course, implying that the total 'own-resource elasticity' issmaller than the partial own-resource elasticity, but increase effort in the othercourse implying a positive (total) 'cross elasticity'.
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But police are not trained as teachers, and students who confide in school resource officers have none of the privacy protections guaranteed by trained counselors and psychologists.
Retention rates in many Canadian nursing schools are also too low, resulting in wastage of school resources and "unnecessarily [reducing] the number of potential nurses in the health care system" [ 19].
Figure 2 Total elasticity and absolute change in outcome when school resources areincreased by 10%.
In addition to school resources, it has been shown that the academic achievement of a student is largely affected by non-school factors such as family background.
The second reason for the urban rural variation in academic performance is school resources.
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