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Structural impacts varied, with the widest informal trails and all formal hardened trails resulting in similar reductions in canopy cover and tree density but an increase in saplings.
The greatest reductions in density and basal area occurred in saplings (trees 2 10 cm DBH) and midstory trees on sub-xeric and intermediate (but not sub-mesic) landscape positions.
This version of LIGNUM modified for use with broad-leaf, deciduous trees and parameterized for sugar maple, yields good simulations of growth and form in saplings from different forest gap environments.
The disease, Chalara fraxinea, was first confirmed in saplings in the UK in March last year.
The only demographic measure of drought impact that predicted population trends during the 1980s was mortality in saplings (Fig. 7a).
In saplings (1 10 cm dbh), there was no consistent trend in stand-wide mortality over 30 years.
Similar(32)
We found butternut squashes from our farm two miles downstream, stranded in sapling branches five feet above the ground.
Across this network, saplings were observed irrespective of their preference to ungulates in the 1970s, but preferred species were rarer within disturbed sites in the 1990s after long-term culling and despite nationwide increases in sapling densities.
Both sexes roosted mostly in overstory hardwoods (82% of male and 81% of female roosts), but males occasionally (8% of roosts) roosted in sapling (<5 cm diameter at breast height; dbh) whereas females did not.
Using 73 pairs of permanent fenced exclosure and unfenced control plots, we found rapid increases in sapling densities within exclosures located in disturbed forests, particularly if a seedling bank was already present.
The increase in sapling clustering did not increase density-dependent thinning, and persisted into older recruit cohorts, suggesting that hunting may initiate long-term spatial reorganisation of Amazonian tree communities.
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