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Zn2+ concentration is expressed as % Zn2+ (total dissolved Zn2+ measured by ICP-MS/total Zn2+ in sample) to normalize for concentration.
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GAPDH was used as the endogenous control in each sample to normalize expression.
The level of the 18s ribosomal RNA was also determined by real-time RT-PCR in each cDNA sample to normalize the expression of MMP-9.
The levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH Hs00375015_m1, Taqman® Assays, Applied Biosystems) expression were measured in all samples to normalize gene expression for sample-to-sample differences in RNA input, RNA quality and reverse transcription efficiency.
The expression level of GAPDH was measured in all samples to normalize LMO3 and Mash1 expression according to the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).
We also conducted real-time PCR for β-globin (110 bp) to determine the genome equivalent present in each sample and to normalize samples for genomic DNA content.
Detection and quantification of CCR5 was used to quantify human genomic DNA in each sample and to normalize the viral load [ 20] and viral load expressed as copies number for 104 cells.
Lovastatin administration in this small sample appeared to normalize anterior posterior and local functional connectivity within the DN.
Each plate included the same control (an empirically determined region of chromosome 6 that showed no evidence for replication in the G2 sample) used to normalize the results and compare between plates.
To correct for dilution of alveolar air from dead volume air in the breath sample and to normalize the concentration of each analyte to correctly reflect the breath concentration, we measured the carbon dioxide concentration in each canister sample using a CO2 monitor (Pryon model SC-300; Pryon Corp., Menomonee Falls, WI) equipped with an external infrared CO2 sensor.
Hence, the ΔCT value for each sample was calculated by subtracting cycle threshold (CT) value (obtained from the means of replicates) of the input DNA (or Gapdh signal) from that of each sample in order to normalize ChIP assay (or to normalize gene expression) results.
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