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Sequence diversity values for HVR-I were systematically lower in Roma groups compared to host populations (all distributions were not overlapping within two standard deviations, except in the Bulgarian Roma).
Regarding the European/Middle Eastern haplogroups, we found seven lineages (see Figure 1) which are relatively common in Roma groups while they are atypical or low frequent in European populations according to the search of identical matches in the extended European host database of 5,096 sequences.
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Our estimates of maternal admixture in Iberian Roma (30%) are slightly lower than estimates for the Y-chromosome (47%) reported by Gusmão et al. Anthropological records show that marriages with non-Roma are usually avoided in the Roma communities [1], although non-Roma females are more frequently accepted in the Roma groups than non-Roma males [44], [45].
The Bulgarian Roma populations from Gresham et al. [6] were grouped according to the original paper classification ("Bulgaria 1" stands for Roma groups who settled early in Bulgaria, whereas "Bulgaria 2" and "Bulgaria 3" stand for Roma groups settled in Bulgaria coming originally from Wallachia/Moldavia in the 17th 18th centuries and late 19th century respectively).
This pattern is most probably explained by the intense drift undergone by the Roma groups, which might have shifted the allele frequencies of founder maternal lineages in the different Roma populations.
Thus, these could represent founder lineages of European Roma, in the sense of being ancestral lineages widely shared by different European Roma groups.
There was also no interaction between ethnicity and district; despite the difference in the size of the Roma population between the two districts, the differences between Roma and non-Roma groups were similar in Teplice and in Prachatice (not shown in table).
However, these studies lacked accurate representation of Western Roma groups [6] and it was not until recently that genetic studies on Iberian Roma were published [11], [12].
In additional analyses, we found no evidence for an interaction between ethnicity and calendar year: the differences between Roma and non-Roma groups remained constant over the study period (not shown in table).
Roma: Group winners (by having a better head-to-head record than Chelsea).
There was no difference in age or gender in Roma versus non-Roma in either country.
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