In this study, we found that PBMCs from RA patients showed impaired Candida-induced IL-17A production, despite overall elevated basal IL-17A production and a preserved capacity of CD4+ cells to differentiate in response to Th17 differentiating cytokines in vitro.
To identify the relatively early changes in gene expression that occur in response to HDIs in differentiating cells, we isolated RNA from MC3T3-E1 culturedltured in osteogenic medium and HDIs for only 18 hours.
Compared to controls, PBMCs from RA subjects exhibited elevated baseline production of IL-17A (P = 0.004), although they had similar capacity to produce IL-17A in response to Th17 cell differentiating cytokines (P = 0.91).
Throughout its life cycle, the parasite has to adapt to extreme changes in its environment, in response to which it differentiates into several morphologically distinct forms, involving organelle repositioning and changes to its metabolism[ 27].
As a result, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays that detect interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release in response to these antigens differentiate between M. tuberculosis infection and immune sensitisation by BCG vaccination or exposure to environmental mycobacteria.
Following V-DJ recombination, pro-B cells proliferate in response to IL-7 to differentiate into large cycling pre-B cells which then exit the cell cycle and undergo light chain recombination at the small pre-B cell stage (Milne et al, 2004).
Using lineage-tracing analysis combined with a VAD mouse model, we demonstrate here that NGN3+ and GFRα1+ cells show distinct competence to differentiate in response to RA: NGN3+ cells quickly differentiated into KIT+ cells in response to RA, whereas GFRα1+ cells remained undifferentiated.
We propose a novel mechanism of stem cell fate selection in an open niche environment whereby undifferentiated cells show heterogeneous competence to differentiate in response to ubiquitously distributed differentiation-inducing signals.
In response to cytokines, PSCs differentiate first into a heterogeneous mesoderm-like cell population and then into PGCLCs, which exhibit minimal PRDM14 expression.
Upon arriving at their final destination, they begin to differentiate, in response to signals from the immediate surroundings, which activate a genetic program that causes each to acquire the properties of a specific subtype of neuron.
