Patient 25 (no questionnaire diagnosis or treatment) While the interviews all contained explanations in which physical symptoms led to worry or low mood, and many described low mood in relation to difficulties in life, very few contained specific attributions in which emotions led directly to physical symptoms and even then it was only something discovered with hindsight: So... ah... it's hard.
Examiners are however aware of this, and are specifically instructed before the examination begins to assess the difficulty of the particular symptoms and signs in the patients, and to adjust their marks in relation to that difficulty.
In relation to item difficulty, we selected items that obtained inter-rater agreement from at least two judges on the level of difficulty (66%%), since difficulty level would be also assessed empirically though the item response theory (IRT) in the second study.
However, instead of considering these as indicators for success, in keeping with Kuh et al.'s (2006) definition, we choose for our conceptualization of success to include student reports of confidence, enjoyment, and student mindset in relation to experiencing difficulty while learning mathematics.
However, by manipulating task complexity, we have been able to interpret developmental differences more comprehensively and explore changes in activation in relation to naming difficulty.
Sixteen (40%) also discussed the concept of motivation in relation to having difficulty getting out of bed in the morning or 'getting going' in the morning.
The implications of these differences are discussed, in relation to the difficulty this imposes in the interpretation of studies of disease aetiology.
Rasch analysis is a modern psychometric technique that calculates person ability in relation to item difficulty by placing them on the same linear continuum.
Moreover, clinicians should be aware of the contribution of, or exacerbation of, parental anxiety in relation to coparenting difficulty and conflict.
In relation to memory, difficulty in accessing positive memories has been understood in terms of the differential activation hypothesis (Teasdale, 1988; Werner-Seidler & Moulds, 2011), and there is some evidence that a ruminative, verbal style of processing may reduce the potential beneficial impact of recalling positive memories (Werner-Seidler & Moulds, in press).
