The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates how much of the total variance of the test retest dataset originates from the measurement error (within-subject variance) in proportion to the intersubject variance (range −1 to 1).
Note that all variances are expressed in proportion to the global model innovation variance V.10 The effective variances of the two component models are respectively (V_{P}=0.1311) and (V_{I}=0.01461). .
We found in simulations that ignoring epistasis leads to a slight overestimation of the additive variance in proportion to the amount of epistatic variance (Table S3 and Table S4), as well as underestimation of the standard error.
Here, y = linear function (x) is y = x and (x i, y i ) ∈ A. R2(A) is in inverse proportion to the variance of the error between the linear function and the data of set A. As shown in Figure 11, larger values of R2 tend to indicate that the data points are closer to the fitted regression line.
Empirical Bayes adjustment shrinks individual associations toward the mean of a larger population of associations, in proportion to the ratios of individual variances to the population variance, thereby bringing values with relatively higher variances more toward the central tendency.
The Bland-Altman scatter plot for garden watering frequency in each of the 7-day CATI and diary survey periods shows that the variance increased in proportion to the average values.
For experiments involving measurements of retinoid concentrations or SEAP activation, the variance increased in proportion to the mean and statistical analysis was therefore performed after log transformation of the data.
These studies have revealed a complex genetic interplay, showing that the diverse DS phenotypes are likely to be caused by increased copies of many genes, with individual genes contributing in different proportions to the variance in different aspects of the pathology.
What then is a reasonable explanation for the increase in VA, both in absolute terms and in proportion to other variance components?
Natural selection then acts on the additive genetic variance of these components, in proportion to their contributions to overall fitness.
