These findings can be explained by the variations in participants' previous learning experiences, their technical backgrounds and the relationship between learning goals and collaborative learning.
These four auditory stimuli were presented in the previous learning phase but were linked to different visual stimuli.
As learning in a PBL curricular is considered to be cumulative where knowledge is built upon that which was learnt in the previous learning phase (Yew et al. 2010), students under the tutorship of such tutors should be more extensively involved in the construction of knowledge and would ultimately achieve better results at the end of the learning process.
Furthermore, as learning in a PBL environment is believed to be cumulative whereby knowledge is built upon that which was gained in the previous learning phase (Yew et al. 2010), the amount of knowledge acquired during the learning process would in turn have an effect on students' achievement, which was observed during data analysis.
In other words, the difficulty of the test was partly due to the novelty of the test tasks in relation to previous learning and test-taking experience.
Poor performance in A2 can be attributed to proactive interference due to previous learning in B. Alternatively, poor performance in A2 can be attributed to retroactive interference, in which the learning of B interferes with previous learning (namely, A1), disrupting skilled performance when field A is introduced a second time during A2.
In fact, as described in Section 3, the QKLMS-MDL algorithm "forgets" in nonstationary conditions the previous learning results and needs to relearn the input-output mapping when the system switches to a new state.
Social transmission of food preference also interacts previous learning in rats [22].
Pharmacists can be encouraged to obtain a certain knowledge level on Chinese medicine and patient self-management if credit transfer can be granted for previous learning in universities.
The UMAT is not a test of personality, values or attitudes, nor is it a measure of previous learning in academic domains.
