Importantly, all of these studies used experienced animals which were either pre-trained on similar environments or were simply re-exposed to the familiar ones, and whose prior neuronal activity as naïve animals in previous environments was not documented.
This is in agreement with the finding that the mechanism of antagonistic pleiotropy (consisting on mutations that were detrimental in the previous environment and are beneficial in the new one) appears to be more important than the neutral process of mutation accumulation for the decay of unused catabolic functions [ 25].
During periods of environmental stasis, Darwinian evolution is "survival of the adequate with the fittest dominating numerically," while during periods of environmental change, Darwinian evolution is "survival of the adequate with the fittest going extinct, replaced by a variant that had lower fitness in the previous environment".
These findings are similar to previous behavioral findings showing proactive interference, where participants have impaired performance and need to spend more time learning object locations of "familiar" objects that were associated with a location in a previous environment (Kaplan et al., 2012).
Accordingly, the functional differences between BM-MPCs and T-MPCs, notably their immunosuppressive potency, most likely reflect their previous environment in situ.
In contrast to the situation in previous bubble environments, the media's attitudes about the economy, government policy and the markets seem overwhelmingly negative.
Royal has held four ministerial jobs, including environment, in previous Socialist administrations under François Mitterrand (who passed over her then partner Hollande).
As in previous conflicts, the sandy environment causes the M249s and other weapons to clog up and jam if they are not cleaned very regularly.
As in previous studies is this environment [ 18], a higher percentage of the patients in this study were males.
