They favour using more sophisticated "assessments" in place of tests, want to value a broader range of skills, punish schools less and support them more.
Coagulation time prolonging ratio was calculated by comparing the clotting time in the presence of test compound with that when buffer was used in place of test.
Stock virus was titrated in 100-μL volumes in 6 replicate wells per serial 10-fold dilution (10−1 to 10−9) in Leibowitz medium with 5% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), with 100 μL of medium added in place of test serum dilution, and 25 μL of Vero cells (8 × 10 cells/mL) added per well.
Moreover, the use of multivariate tests in place of univariate tests does not solve the dilemma, because multivariate tests present their own shortfalls, including interpretation problems (if there is a difference between experimental groups, multivariate tests do not tell us which variable might differ as a result of treatment, and univariate testing may still be needed).
The F.D.A. is now rushing to put into effect a rule first proposed in late 1999, during Dr. Henney's tenure, that would allow data from animal studies to be used in place of human testing when it is impossible or unethical to do tests on patients.
Depending on the growing season some soil tests may be more useful than others, and other tools may be needed in addition to or in place of soil testing.
When the Home Office confirmed the delay in March, it said it was in the final stages of putting in place a programme of testing to demonstrate a substance's psychoactivity before implementing the ban.
The new guidelines recommend pre-test information in place of pre-test counselling when practicing PITC [ 15].
Other automakers use robotic drivers to test vehicles in limited ways, but Ford is the only company using them in place of human test drivers for this level of durability testing, said Dave Payne, Ford's manager of vehicle development operations, in an interview.
Non-parametric tests are often used in place of parametric tests when the assumptions necessary for the parametric method do not hold; for instance the data might be more variable or more skewed than expected.
