Thus, a pipe-in-pipe model is used to simulate the interaction between the test string and the riser.
Since integrated flow cells can affect time to reach steady state due to its inherent residence time distribution (RTD) property, we first determined flow behavior in flow cell is best described by laminar flow in pipes model, in order to find acceptable levels of volumetric flowrates that is not impractically high.
As shown in Figure 9, the t-R relationships at the entrance and exit were found to be parallel to each other in the pipe model.
There may be other factors that lead the investigator to choose one model over the other, for instance, in the pipe model it is straight forward to implement mixing within the air transport system, whereas this may be more difficult in a point to point model.
The simplified model we used is a "pipe" model, in which individuals flow in and out of the air transport system based on the number of arrivals and departures from a given airport (i.e., there is no explicit modeling of individual routes).
Using U.S. ticket data from 2007, we compared a simplified "pipe" model, in which individuals flow in and out of the air transport system based on the number of arrivals and departures from a given airport, to a fully saturated model where all routes are modeled individually.
The second is modelled with a new version of the Pipe-in-Pipe (PiP) model that accounts for a tunnel wall embedded in a half-space.
The heat transfer and the dry-out behaviour are investigated in a grooved heat pipe model, increasing the power supplied at the evaporator section with an electric cartridge heater and cooling the condenser section with a water loop.
Good agreement has been confirmed, and a more realistic pipe-in-pipe type model was developed to simulate the operational loads and deformations of the liner pipes.
This paper presents an extension of the Pipe-in-Pipe (PiP) model for calculating vibrations from underground railways that allows for the incorporation of a multi-layered half-space geometry.
By analyzing the distribution of the methane/air mixture explosion overpressure wave in the pipe models, the effect of a weak panel on the explosion shock wave and the degree of explosion damage were characterized by the statistical results from the sizes of the fragments.
