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Traditionally, the evaluation of treatment success for DD has largely been determined by clinical examination and physical measures, although improvement in physical measures does not necessarily reflect function [ 9].
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While healthcare professionals may be more interested in changes in objective physical measures, patients (and family members/carers) equally interested in a therapy that changes their symptoms, physical function and social roles.
In addition, physical measures use resources, impact the local environment, add emissions to air, soil, and water, and may alter the risks of nutrient and soil contaminant leaching.
In conclusion, various physical measures should be considered as effective and acceptable preventive measures.
In research protocols, physical measures such as height and weight are generally collected by research assistants trained in specific protocols.
The wide variety of interventions and physical measures in the included trials prevented pooling in a meta-analysis.
Staff involved in collecting questionnaires and physical measures were unblinded to intervention group.
BRFSS prevalence rates were less similar to surveys which utilize physical measures in addition to self-reported data.
Primary outcome measures were change in physical activity measured by a 4-day step count from a closed pedometer and self-reported physical activity over 7 days measured by a validated questionnaire (9, 10).
Multivariate models elaborate that differences in educational attainment generally account for the largest proportion of variance in cognitive functioning and residential status generally accounts for the largest proportion of variance in physical performance measures.
34 A subsample of 200 participants will be sufficient to detect between-group differences in physical outcome measures.
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