Indeed, FAP+ fibroblasts produced ECM fibers oriented in parallel patterns when compared to FAP- matrices.
Moreover, human pancreatic adenocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts produced ECMs oriented in parallel patterns, which are similar to the patterns formed by FAP+ matrices.
In fact, it has been shown that both desmoplastic fibronectin and collagen I fibers often align in parallel patterns in response to tumorigenesis [ 21, 22], and these fibers are engaged by integrin heterodimers in pancreatic and other cancers [ 6, 20], suggesting that cell behavior can be affected by the underlying stromal substrates via integrin engagement.
Since tumor-associated ECMs are organized in parallel patterns [ 21, 22, 37], we tested whether FAP expression affects the topography of fibroblasts-derived ECMs by indirect immunofluorescence using anti-fibronectin or anti-collagen I (Additional file 2, Fig. S2) antibodies on un-extracted matrices containing their original matrix-synthesizing fibroblasts [ 21].
In the parallel pattern, i.e., the pattern prevalent in the eastern German sample, job instability and the prospects of parenthood are interrelated in a less straightforward fashion.
FAP+ cells were elongated into an enhanced spindled shape, and they organized in a parallel pattern (data not shown).
During the distraction phase there is gradual differentiation into fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue that will be organized in a parallel pattern to the distraction forces [ 23].
In addition, the typical, two-branched trichomes in zwichel mutants are aligned in a nearly parallel pattern on leaves, with the elongated and pointed branch toward the proximal part and another shortened and blunt-ended branch toward the distal part (Hülskamp et al., 1994; Oppenheimer et al., 1997).
Although cash and futures prices move in a roughly parallel pattern because they react to the same underlying market supply and demand factors, they are by no means perfectly correlated.
Knockdown of FAK or removal of HSPGs both abolished flow-induced ERK activation and MMP expression, suggesting that the mechanosensitive signaling pathways mediated by FAK and by HSPGs regulating ERK activation should be in a serial, not parallel pattern.
