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Overall, we found that, given the costs of development for the speaking tasks, decisions about the number of tasks to include in our proficiency and achievement tests had to be made.
In our proficiency testing, variation of individual specimens was not the point of interest, but analysis of the other two factors, Harvest and ELISA was of importance.
As media supplemented with BSA were not included in our proficiency panel, we expanded the list of different freezing media in a series of experiments in a single-center setting and also test FCS-based freezing solution.
In phases 1 and 2, we identified that the choice of test medium and the level of background staining influenced the test performance, in line with previous observations for the ELISPOT assay in our proficiency panels [ 11– 13].
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Every study has shown that there is a direct link between our proficiency in basic skills, career advancement and prosperity".
As a former diplomat, Ambassador and professor of international relations, I agree with Cornell University president David Skorton that, "our nation's future may depend on our creativity and our ability to understand and appreciate the cultures around the world as much as on our proficiency in reading and math".
Yet it appears that our proficiency in identifying deficiencies is not matched by readiness to remediate these [ 2- 4].
The great benefit achieved in our study indicated proficiency of combined treatments in counteracting tissue damage at relevant disease sites.
16 In our study, the proficiency of an HbA1c threshold of 6.3% for detecting diabetes was equivalent to that of a fasting plasma glucose threshold of 7.0 mmol/l.
The percentages at or above baseline (level II) and norm (level III) proficiency give us an idea of how many students are proficient enough to successfully compete in an English-speaking globalized society: Over 80% of native speakers scored at or above baseline proficiency, in our sample of non-native speakers the percentage was 56.8%.
Table 19 in the Appendix displays the share of individuals at each proficiency level in our US sample as well as in the pooled sample of countries.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com