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When items from different PROMs were highly similar in both phrasing and topic, only one of the items was kept in our item pool.
A challenge we faced in our item selection procedure is what criteria to use for selecting candidate items that would be optimal for screening.
The early loss ADLs represent the first personal activities of daily living in which one is likely to receive help from others, which in our item set is represented by personal hygiene.
The method that we used in our item analysis, the multiple-response (MR) method, whereby no partial credit is given for "partially correct" answers, has been found to lead to the lowest scores (Albanese and Sabers, 1988; Tsai and Suen, 1993).
One difference between the two versions that we decided to keep was the wording in item 3. Instead of "hands or wrists" in the original English version, we used the same wording "wrists and hands (palms and fingers)" for consistency, as in our item 2. The provisional Chinese version of the questionnaire was used for further psychometric testing.
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We know how powerful detailed data can be as market research firms, hedge funds and retailers have all shown great interest in our item-level consumer receipt data.
In total, our item pool therefore consisted of 26 items.
We found that most of the RDQ rumination and MFQ depression items loaded onto separate factors in our ordinal item exploratory factor analysis.
In our study, item parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood estimates, and the expected a posteriori (EAP) estimate was computed for each student as their MCBS score.
In our study, item 58 coded for bodily experiences of alien (external) control.
The original Purdue Rotations test systematically increases in difficulty and our item selection provided a range of difficulty levels.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com