For instance, due to time limit, most building LCA studies estimate the building materials and fuels consumed in construction phase quite roughly, which excludes the choices on a wide range of construction techniques, materials, specialties and machines, no need to mention the energy consumption in operation phase, which is usually estimated in an even bolder manner.
Knock-on delay, which is the key factor in punctuality of railway service, is mainly related to two factors including the quality of timetable in the planning phase and disturbances which may result in unscheduled trains' waiting or meeting in operation phase.
In addition, a concept and specifications for the DB-based supporting system, which is used in the operation phases, are proposed.
The numerical simulation results reveal that the joint clearances influence the dynamic characteristics of the deployable space solar arrays in different operation phases.
Existing architectural models used in the development phase differ from those used in the operation phase in terms of purpose, abstraction, and content.
Calibrated energy models can be used for several specific tasks in the operation phase, in particular condition monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis, supervisory control and energy management.
Further, simulation data are processed to obtain a weather-adjusted energy demand visualization, suitable for establishing a continuity between modeling in design and operation phases, with calibration purpose.
Although the traction emissions per passenger-km traveled of Shanghai Metro are competitive at the global level, there is still great energy-saving potential in the operation phase, especially in ornately designed train stations.
Besides, the fixing system of the sector assembly is the same as WEST lower divertor, so one upper divertor sector can be used indifferently in upper or Lower position during transitional operation phases in WEST.
Also, Kapur et al. [21] consider that the delay of the fault removal efficiency depends on their criticality and urgency in the software reliability modeling in the operation phase.
