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For instance, assuming that two independent mutations are required to confer resistance to the two component drugs, it is not known whether the mutation rate in Plasmodium spp. can produce the two mutations in one parasite (in one host) at a sufficient frequency, or whether these mutations confer fitness advantages if the two component drugs are administered at the same time.
The promoters identified in a study such as this one have the potential to be used for experimental applications where the researcher wants a gene turned off (or expressed at very low levels) in one host and turned on upon transfer of this gene to another host (or vice-versa) without the need for the addition of artificial inducers.
The presence of several pathogens in one host and stressful situations can have a negative influence on the health status.
In one host, ticks such as Boophilus spp., all 3 instars remain on the bovine host.
Furthermore, these models will undoubtedly shed greater light on how these viruses establish an asymptomatic, or limited symptom, infection in one host, and catastrophic disease in another.
Multiple genes may be nested in one host gene as well as a gene may be overlapping other genes on both ends as reported previously [12].
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Gain-of-function mutations, even when they benefit virus replication in only one host species, are maintained during evolution by selective pressure exerted during constant invertebrate/vertebrate transmission cycles.
Pyramid (gene): the accumulation of two or more resistance genes in the one host line with the intention of increasing the time that elapses before a pathogen may be able to generate a fully susceptible infection reaction.
In short order, one host team in this weird two-headed tournament, Japan, went to the Round of 16.
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