Importantly, previous research has shown that the LEIDS not only differentiates between previously depressed and never-depressed samples when they are in normal mood (Moulds, Kandris, Williams, Lang, Yap, & Hoffmeister, 2008; Van der Does, 2005) but also predicts changes in thinking following negative mood induction.
Figure 13.3a shows the growth of subjective reward intensity (solid dark-red curve) as a function of objective reward strength for an individual in a normal mood state.
The gain decrease blunts the values of all rewards without altering their relative values; no increase in objective reward strength can restore maximum reward intensity to the value attained in a normal mood state.
It is characterized by dramatic mood swings from manic states (e.g., increased energy, euphoric moods, poor judgment, provocative and aggressive behavior) to depressive states (e.g., persistent sad mood, feelings of guilt, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed), and then back again, typically with periods of normal mood in between.
While these episodes are usually separated by periods of normal mood, in some patients depression and mania may rapidly alternate [ 1].
A person with bipolar disorder may experience periods of "normal" mood in between these mood episodes.[5].
It has been the reference standard medication for acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder/manic depressive illness, a brain disorder in which normal moods alternate with both depression and mania, which is recognized by the World Health Organization as a leading debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 1.3% of both sexes globally [ 1].
We suggest there is a need to better differentiate subthreshold hypomanic episodes from similar symptoms that occur in differential diagnoses such as normal mood swings, ADHD, narcissistic personality disorder, or borderline personality disorder (Kernberg and Yeomans 2013; Zimmerman et al. 2013).
The identification of large-effect mutations that greatly increase the risk of this disorder, however, could lead to useful animal models, which might then shed light on both the underlying brain abnormality in bipolar individuals and the normal mood control system.
This could be due to the overall normal mood and sleep quality in young women.
