The IP strategy has proved powerful not only in narrow cases like Dolby's but across whole industries, such as biotechnology; with leading technology platform players, including Qualcomm; and for market intermediaries, such as Getty Images.
Under Elmendorf and his predecessors, the CBO has employed dynamic scoring in narrow cases, but has remained wary of using it broadly or to estimate the macroeconomic effects of budget and tax plans.
At first, it seemed that the restrictions would reaffirm existing Hyde Amendment provisions that federal funds would only be available to Medicaid recipients in the narrow cases of rape, incest or endangerment of the woman's life.
Systems that can convert written specifications into working code in a few narrow cases could be generalized to other tasks.
The incidence ranged 0.5 in 1998 to 1.2 in 2007 (narrow case definition, Table 1).
In the Citizens United ruling two years ago, the court made a broad decision in a narrow case, freeing corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money in elections.
"The worst that can happen — in the narrow case of default — is they can stop funding," said Bruce Bennett, one of the Dodgers' lawyers.
Earlier this month, the court split, 4-4, in a narrow case involving spousal liability and gender discrimination, the first such vote since Scalia's death.
Longtime observers of Ms. Vestager theorized that she had chosen to initially pursue a narrow case in which she had the most confidence, while keeping pressure on her adversary to settle by opening parallel lines of inquiry.
In a third, narrower case in 2014, the majority said the Christian owners of the Hobby Lobby craft-store chain had a religious liberty right to refuse to pay for certain types of mandated contraceptives, which they believe cause early abortions.
But the company's 88-page motion, they add, does indicate how much confidence the Microsoft legal team has gained from a Federal appeals court ruling in June in an earlier, narrower case.
