Community psychology, the study of human behaviour in its multiple ecological, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical contexts.
The C4 pathway is estimated to have first evolved between 32 and 25 million years ago (Christin et al., 2011b) in response to multiple ecological drivers, including decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (Vicentini et al., 2008).
Forest models bridge this gap by incorporating multiple ecological processes in a dynamic framework (i.e. including a realistic model structure) and addressing the complexity of forest ecosystems.
New long-term experiments that yield recurrent inventory data, perhaps at fine spatio-temporal scales, could improve these concepts and contribute to a better understanding of the spatio-temporal changes of mixing effects in different species assemblages along multiple ecological gradients.
While competition is the key factor driving selection, it is the availability of multiple ecological niches in heterogeneous environments that causes selection to be divergent leading to adaptive radiation [1], [2], [3].
We furthermore show that the diversity stability relationship holds across multiple ecological functions in a single experiment, which is remarkable considering the spectrum of organizational (from population to ecosystem) and trophic levels (from primary producers to higher consumers) investigated.
Such multilevel structure is determined by availability of multiple ecological niches in the large, deep oligotrophic lake with a highly structured water body [ 13].
We analyzed this question for multiple ecological functions measured in a single experiment.
These initiatives are promising because evidence shows that prevention is most effective when it occurs early in life, addresses root causes at multiple ecological levels, and is sustained over time [ 8, 15].
The model accounts for multiple ecological feedbacks, which result in density-dependent and frequency-dependent selection.
