The tools required to evaluate external validity are, in principle, not new – the relevant criteria have been used in methodology lectures for medical students, and are found in many guidelines for the evaluation of clinical studies.
Besides, I knew I'd be looking at it that fall, blown up three or four times its actual size, in slide lectures for Art 101.
Questionnaires were implemented in preparation lectures for the national exam to access residency, which might have induced a selection bias that favored more interested students or, conversely, students that need improvement.
Immanuel Kant ("Duties to Animals and Spirits", in Lectures on Ethics), for instance, suggests that cruelty towards a dog might encourage a person to develop a character which would be desensitized to cruelty towards humans.
"My concern is the expense involved in attending CPD lectures for junior barristers who specialise in lower-paid, publicly funded work.
"Most people are not that good at dealing in financial markets," Mr. Shiller said in lecture notes for a class he teaches.
Difference in exam performance between content covered in both lab and lecture or in lecture only for students concurrently in lab and lecture (light boxes, n = 421) or in lecture only (dark boxes) (n = 558).
