So to uphold direct democracy as a constitutionally permissible tool for regulating elections, the court had to conclude that, when the Constitution uses the term "legislature," it does not (in its original formulation) permit the popular election of senators but does permit popular regulation of the election process.
As the problem formulation can be NP-hard in its original formulation, and it can be convex or not following the constraints and the loss functions used, the key challenges concern the design of efficient relaxed models and solvers which have to be with iterations as few as possible, and as efficient as possible.
To start with, it's worth noting — and Kuran and Lewis, to their credit, do note it — that Islam, at least in its original formulation, was far from hostile to business.
Both models are static and require some information in order to be adjusted: in the gravity model, parameters are fitted using real mobility data, provided by an independent source; the radiation model, in its original formulation, is parameter-free, but it requires accurate knowledge of the spatial population distribution.
And in its original formulation, the plan had another liability: it was more popular in Washington than in Baghdad, where Iraqi leaders viewed it suspiciously as an effort to partition their country.
In its original formulation, the domino theory was invoked fearfully.
The important evidence for intron stasis in animals indicates that one aspect of introns late in some of its original formulation is wrong: introns are apparently not continuously mobile over time.
Interestingly, our results also supported the application of the stress gradient hypothesis to pollen limitation in addition to its original formulation for environmental stress or consumer pressure.
The bill had been tabled due to international pressure several times since its original formulation in 2009.
Its original formulation is provided in the first edition of On the Origin of Species in 1859.
This observation, based on the results presented here, is fully compatible with the current understanding of mode coupling theory regarding the range of validity of its original formulation [22] and in an extended form which incorporates barrier hopping [23].
