It also seems likely that the first duplication of an < Abpa-Abpbg> module occurred in this way in the ancestor of the genus Mus because the < Abpa1-Abpbg1> … < Abpa2-Abpbg2> set, constituting one of the oldest clades, is in the inverse orientation to all the other Abp paralogs.
However, Gr61a is located in inverse orientation at the 5' end of the complex, in all species up to D. ananassae, so it must have relocated thereafter.
Type IIS recognition sites arranged in inverse orientation at the 5' and 3' end of a DNA fragment will be removed upon cleavage, allowing simultaneous restriction and ligation.
In contrast to NAHR, most new duplicates occur in inverse orientation due to illegitimate recombination or strand misalignment realignment (Katju and Lynch 2003).
As previously mentioned [50], the human ALP/Enigma genes cluster specifically in a way that an ALP-like gene pairs with an Enigma-like gene in inverse orientation, analogous to the even-skipped genes, which both (EVX1 and EVX2) are transcribed in an opposite orientation as compared to adjacent HOX genes [52].
On both sides of the lacZα fragment two different type IIS recognition sequences - here BsaI and BpiI - are positioned in inverse orientation relative to each other, but creating the identical fusion site as exemplified by plasmid pL0-P in figure 3.
All R2GHs in cluster B and C possess the same orientation, whereas cluster A members are in inverse orientation relative to these clusters in both species.
RE ANNOTATE did not date Milt because the 3' LTR is in inverse orientation relative to the rest of the element: an element model was built including the Milt 5' LTR and internal region, and another model for the 3' LTR.
Katju and Lynch (2003) found that two-thirds of tandem gene duplicates are in inverse orientation with respect to one another, and they reviewed the models that have been proposed to produce such an orientation.
To additionally avoid the degradation of the BAC in the following transposition procedure, the pBeloBAC11 vector elements were engineered in inverse orientation between the viral sequences with respect to the present mini-F fragment of pHJOFep (Fig. 1B and 1C).
