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When populations are of small size (<500 breeding individuals), a variety of methods, some of which were employed in this study, do exceptionally well <span class="lh">in inferring how strong genetic drift was or how large the Ne of the population must be to cause the observed change in allele frequencies over time when assuming no mutation, selection and migration during the sampled time period [58], [64], [127].
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However, informal thought processes are correct most of the time when applied in familiar situations, and inferring how the world works from observations is a familiar task.
Our analysis does not allow inferring how the pathway was progressively assembled in the lineage leading to LECA.
In a companion paper [1], we have presented a generic approach for inferring how subjects make optimal decisions under uncertainty.
In addition, to infer how self-splicing was affected by a trans-effector in mammalian cells, we assessed the effects of an appended aptamer under splicing-competent physiologic conditions.
In order to infer how efficient repair of DNA damage caused by intense THz pulse exposure may be, we analyzed how THz exposure affects the expression level of various proteins that take part in cell cycle control and DSB repair processes by western immunoblotting (Fig. 4 ).
The proportion of genes designated as 'pro' or 'anti' for each functional category was then examined in relation to whether their expression is repressed or enhanced by infected TBL20, in order to infer how the infection-associated modulation could influence a functional outcome.
Finally, in an attempt to infer how likely pairwise independence occur in practical problems, the case of non-separable functions is empirically investigated.
With this in mind, the researchers inferred how the ancestors of these primates lived, trying to come up with the scenario that would require the fewest evolutionary changes to get to the current distribution of social organizations in the family tree.
Only with the proper caveats in mind can one begin to infer how the cortex supports a human in solving the "cocktail party" problem.
For example, Scholia cannot capture information about the cardinality of a relation (e.g. the approach can indicate that a collection is composed by elements of a type A, but it cannot infer how many objects in fact exist in the collection).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com