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Trust in mechanical procedures thus replaces trust in individual scientists.
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It is mission-oriented — distinct from the typical academic approach in which individual scientists work independently — and it includes engineering disciplines, both to facilitate novel experimental approaches and to incorporate fresh ways of viewing complex biological systems.
In interviews, individual scientists are loath to cite recognition and prestige as keys to professional happiness.
However, the h-index has various shortcomings, in particular when comparing individual scientists, discussed in detail by others [ 10- 13]; it cannot differentiate between active and inactive scientists, it depends on the scientific age, it is affected by different discipline-dependent citation patterns etc. Numerous variants have been proposed that aim to overcome some of these disadvantages.
This tool provides an approach for situating a country in relation to the world, an institution in relation to a country, and individual scientists in relation to their peers.
In 10 cases, individual scientists acting for a specific employer or principal entirely comply with their superiors' orders.
Making this goal practically achievable will require a paradigm shift in the way individual scientists translate their data into digital form, since most contemporary methods of data entry are designed for presentation to humans rather than consumption by machine learning algorithms.
Thus changes in the way individual scientists trust each other, or the enterprise as a whole, have major implications for the future of research.
It does not imply that each particular step in science has in fact been progressive: individual scientists make mistakes, and even the scientific community is fallible in its collective judgments.
While the local interactions (concerning a hypothetical protein Z in Figure 4) are discovered in the laboratory by individual scientists (for example scientists A and B as shown in the figure), the species overall regulation mechanism should take into an account all of the local knowledge (and hence should be determined in a collaborative fashion).
In the 1980s, it was not obvious that individual scientists in 2003 would have the technologic facility to create immense data sets annotated with concepts parsed from nomenclatures containing millions of terms.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com