This approach, used at German (and other) European universities (I attended Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen, 1961-62, and taught at Kiel in 1975), avoids the need to grade student performance in individual courses.
Because contemporary notions of academic freedom grant professors wide latitude to teach what, and how, they like, most colleges haven't developed systems to objectively evaluate student learning in individual courses.
In a meta-analysis of 72, 431 students, Credé and Kuncel (2008) found that motivation and study skills (e.g., time management) were positively associated with grade point average and grades in individual courses.
The beef, which you can order in individual courses or as a combination meal, begins to arrive – a well-marbled prime rib-eye, cooked like a steak until it is ultimately cut into strips and served; or a wonderful skirt steak, almost impossibly beefy; or the Wagyu kkot sal.
To examine whether or not students were making significant progress in their learning in individual courses, we reviewed a complete data set without controlling for students' background or how students responded to individual questions (these tests will be described later).
In addition, tools have been developed that allow assessment of student learning as a result of research experiences in individual courses and comparison of individual courses with other courses with embedded research experiences (Lopatto et al., 2008, 2014).
