Clearly, the receiver has to keep track of the noise fluctuations, and this can be done by periodically sensing the channel in the idle periods, e.g., in the short inter frame spacing which is present in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol between two consecutive transmissions (cfr. [15], § 9.2.3).
For wells with shorter screened intervals, which tend to be shallower wells, weaker head gradients across the screened interval probably result in less wellbore flow during idle periods.
To further reduce the time needed to create the effects, the company even harnesses the less-powerful computers of support staff during idle periods to aid in the creation process.
where E [ I ] = 1 λ is the average of idle periods (no packet in the system), and E[B s ] is the average of busy periods initiated by S + X b which can be found from Section 3.3.
It allows withdrawal of actuation force during idle periods without affecting an actuated state of a device, which results in minimal or even zero standing power consumption.
The reactor was operated with FILL, REACT, SETTLE, DRAW, and IDLE periods in the time ratio of 0.5 3.5 1.0 0.75:0.25 for a cycle time of 6 h.
The time interval that includes one activity window for every cluster in the system is known as a cycle, as shown in Figures 8 and 9. Depending on the availability of bandwidth and on the application's delay tolerance, a cycle may include idle periods in which no clusters are active to reduce the duty cycle and save more energy.
In optimal OSA approach, we consider that the secondary user at most accesses the channel one time in an idle period.
Now our optimization problem is to maximize spectrum holes utilization under the constraint of collision tolerable level by selecting one time interval for transmitting in the idle period.
Therefore, the secondary user can start to transmit at the first time slot in the idle period and keep transmitting until collision occurs.
According to Corollary 4, the optimal OSA approach for Pareto distribution is that the secondary user starts to transmit at the time slot in the idle period and keeps transmitting until collision occurs.
