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The bishop cleared himself in his Refutation and Apology and accepted the pope's authority.
Voltaire's radicalism, then and now, lies not in his refutation of optimism but in his refusal of belief.
The core of Dennett's argument lies in his refutation of John Searle's famous Chinese Room thought experiment, which had been intended to demonstrate the irreducibility of consciousness.
The lectures were well received by his contemporaries and there was a widespread agreement that Ward had been effective in his refutation.
In large measure Dignāga follows Vasubandhu's line of argumentation in his refutation of the realistic atomism of the Vaibhāṣikas (and of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika tradition).
The philosopher Robert Nozick suggested as much in his refutation of ethical hedonism, employing the notion of the "experience machine" to suggest we care about more than our feelings.
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In a different but related way Socrates alludes to a comprehensive knowledge at the end of the Charmides in his final refutation of Critias' definition of moderation as 'knowledge of knowledge' by urging that this type of knowledge is insufficient for the happy life without the knowledge of good and bad (Chrm. 174b e).
Later logicians supported this link between equivocation and metaphor by an appeal to Aristotle's divisions of equivocation in his Sophistical Refutations, where he remarked that the second type was based on common usage.
He considers the fallacies "collected by Aristotle in his Sophistical Refutations as for the most part a puerile art," quoting the Rhetorica ad Herennium (2.11.16) to the effect that "knowledge of ambiguities as taught by dialecticians is of no help at all but rather a most serious hindrance".
While engaged in this charge Albert completed his refutation of Averroistic psychology with his De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas.
But both Baumgarten's recognition of idealism and his refutation of it in a university textbook make it clear that by the middle of the eighteenth century idealism had become a standard topic for philosophical discussion, a position it would retain for another century and a half or more.
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