Higher heat fluxes induce a reduction in viscosity of the fluid resulting in higher flow maldistribution.
The effect of Nb results in higher flow stresses and better distribution of all the microstructural constituents.
The nanofluids with higher viscosity will result in higher flow resistance and lower flow velocity, which also induce the decrease of the heat transfer.
Again, this improvement was most evident in areas where applying the manual method was difficult, including complicated configurations, at the middle or initial segment of a pipe, and in higher flow areas.
Changes in high flows are largely driven by changes in winter precipitation, whilst changes in low flows are determined by changes in summer precipitation and temperature.
The increase in high flows in the Ndembera river observed in Fig. 22 may have resulted from the combined effect of future climate and the 2020 land use.
This is related to the representation of the strong secondary flow in high flows, which can be defined well through the calibration approach developed by Devi and Khatua (2017).
Alternatively, some form of gene flow could be occurring, perhaps associated with barriers being by-passed in high flows.
In high-flow environments, high values of acoustic scattering are dominated by enhanced surface bubble entrainment and sediment re-suspension22,41,69.
