As was noted earlier, the NHIS was conducted in face-to-face format, and NHANES combined face-to-face interviews supplemented with physical measures.
However, Kalichman et al. [ 19] have noted that HIV prevention programs that are based on social cognitive principles and proven to be effective in the scientific literature have not been widely utilized because of their reliance on expert interventionists for implementation in face-to-face formats, making them difficult to transfer to community-based organizations [ 19].
Information about web-based education outcomes in comparison with face-to-face format can help researchers and tutors prepare and deliver future web-based or face-to-face courses more efficiently.
There were five studies in which the psychotherapy was delivered in individual face-to-face format and eight studies in which the psychotherapy was delivered in mixed format incorporating both individualized and group treatments (Table 1).
This requirement was met by the modified Delphi method, especially by the anonymity of the procedure allowing all panellists to have their say in the procedure, something which in Japanese culture would be unthinkable in a face-to-face format since it would be unacceptable for junior panellists to express opinions that are opposed to those of their seniors.
A study by Goldberg et al. (2014) on Mindfulness Training for Smokers (in face-to-face group format) [ 66] showed decrease in self-reported pre- to post intervention DASS stress subscale and hair cortisol, suggesting that MTS in a face-to-face format does in fact lead to decreased stress.
This is a lower rate of daily meditation practice than was found in Mindfulness Training for Smokers in a face-to-face format (21.6 minutes per day) [ 44].
While CBT with ERP is currently considered the first-line treatment for youth with OCD, 10 considerable issues in the dissemination and take up of this treatment in its face-to-face format have given rise to a call for a stepped-care approach.
This study assess whether PALS re-training provided via live, interactive videoconferencing was as effective as the same instruction provided in a face-to-face format on PALS knowledge, psychomotor skills, and confidence in performing resuscitation skills.
The survey was administered in a face-to-face format to circumvent potential low levels of literacy among participants.
