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Managing livestock movement in extensive systems has environmental and production benefits.
Sheep farmers need low-cost, low-input pasture improvement techniques to optimize production in extensive systems.
It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful.
Research over the past century in genetics, animal health, microbiology, nutrition, and physiology has led to improvements in dairy production where intensively managed farms have GHG emissions as low as 1 kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2e)/kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM), compared with >7 kg of CO2e/kg of ECM in extensive systems.
It has also been argued that calving every other year is sustainable for the cows in extensive systems, with limited grazing and some transhumance (Hill [1995]).
In extensive systems, where demand for feed exceeds the available natural pastures, the replacement of tropical forests by soya beans (for livestock feed) is believed to reduce biodiversity.
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In farm A and B, respectively with 700-800 and 400-500 animals, piglets are maintained in camping with the sows until weaning at 5 weeks, and afterwards are reared in extensive system, in lots with around 200 animals each.
This methodology could also be used for other livestock development projects in similarly extensive systems as a way to assess animals' diets and nutrient demands.
The yield in these extensive systems, is 150 500 kg/ha/crop, with 1 2 crops per year.
The ELH genes are expressed, not only in the bag cells, but in an extensive system of neurons distributed in four of the five ganglia of the central nervous system.
The evidence suggests that brucellosis prevalence in emerging peri-urban dairy cattle systems may be higher than that found in traditional transhumant extensive systems.
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