The inconsistencies between the results of the various studies are difficult to reconcile given the differences in the methods used to isolate the DNA from tissues, differences in the solvents used in the chromatography, experimental variation in the TLC plates, pH changes, enzymatic methods for DNA hydrolysis, and so on.
Finally, we show how experimental and quasi-experimental variation can be used to identify social effects in the "Experimental variation" section, before concluding.
It should be noted that the use of less virulent strains of M. tuberculosis might not generate the same level of mortality, and could therefore result in larger experimental variation.
Just as the partial elasticity is a parameter of interest in empirical studies, so isthe total elasticity, which may be recovered by observing variation in the outcome including variation via effort response) due to experimental variation ins.
In sum, these signatures of experimental variation in TOR signaling strikingly resemble the naturally occurring diphenism of the highly eusocial honey bee, where two alternative female phenotypes – the reproductive queen caste and the facultatively sterile worker caste – differentiate through social manipulation of larval nutrient status [5].
Moreover, changes in detection instruments, experimental designs, or differential handling of samples may produce differences in technical or experimental variation (Figure 1c).
The BOX primer permits the use of more inflexible PCR conditions, which in turn reduce experimental variation and PCR artefacts.
In the present study, despite the known experimental variation in the response to infection ([22]; see below), while tiling arrays were done on two or three replicates (see Methods), practical constraints limited our RNA-seq analyses to single biological samples.
In each replicate, immunoprecipitation and protein digestion were performed in triplicate given that most experimental variation was introduced in these steps.
