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The objective function (1) minimized total cost z expressed in currency of reference.
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All cost factors are expressed in the currency of reference except purchasing price.
Eleven of the articles (42.31%) used the euro as the currency of reference for cost analyses, followed by 7 articles (26.92%) which expressed costs in pounds sterling.
To speed the Asialand process, Asians could start focusing on one large and liquid currency that floats against other large currencies of reference.
Shift in frame of reference.
Since payment currencies of different suppliers differ, all prices are expressed in the currency of the parent company.
It is a pertinent challenge, as the price of poor decisions is paid in the currency of human suffering.
Internet popularity did not correlate with measures of quality such as display of authorship, attribution or references, currency of information, and disclosure.
In turn, the currency of industrial science prompted the rethinking of academic norms.
For empirical concepts, fruitfulness was cashed out in the incontrovertible currency of epistemic success: well-confirmed generalizations (see Sect. 3).
You now have a currency calculator in a base currency of your choice.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com